Effective date: 01.01.2024 — state of the federal and cantonal legal framework at the time of initial drafting. Cantonal authority addresses, designations and points of practice are volatile; the authority designations recorded here are to be confirmed against the official cantonal pages and the authority directory at ch.ch.

This file is a reference index, not an advisory text. For each canton it records the cantonal implementing act for the FNIA (with a cross-reference to the relevant cantonal collection of legislation), the competent migration authority, and at most three sentences on keywords of particular practice. It does not apply the law to specific individuals and gives no strategic advice on the choice of canton.

Note on contact details: for YMYL reasons, this index does not print any cantonal telephone numbers, e-mail addresses or postal addresses that could not be reliably confirmed. The current, binding contact details of each cantonal migration office are to be obtained exclusively via the official cantonal website and the authority directory at ch.ch/migrationsamt.

1. Overview — federal structure of Swiss law on foreign nationals

The Federal Act on Foreign Nationals and Integration (FNIA, SR 142.20) is federal law. Its implementation, however, rests with the 26 cantons — the 20 cantons (AG, AR, BE, BL, BS, FR, GE, GL, GR, JU, LU, NE, SG, SH, SO, SZ, TG, TI, UR, VD, VS, ZG, ZH) and the six half-cantons (AI, NW, OW, BL, BS as well as AR), which for migration-law purposes are nonetheless treated like full cantons. Each canton has its own migration office (in French-speaking cantons usually designated as Service de la population or Service des migrations; in Ticino as Sezione della popolazione).

In practice, the cantonal migration offices hold considerable powers:

  • Granting and renewal of all residence permits (B, C, L, G, Ci, F, N, S) — subject to the approval requirement of the State Secretariat for Migration (SEM) under Art. 99 FNIA in certain constellations.
  • Revocation of permits under Art. 62 FNIA and the following provisions (Art. 62–67 FNIA).
  • Interpretation and cantonal application of the federal integration and language standards (Art. 58a FNIA; Ordinance on Admission, Residence and Gainful Employment, OASA, SR 142.201, in particular Art. 77d OASA).
  • Enforcement of removal and expulsion decisions under Art. 64 FNIA and the following provisions.
  • Submission of applications to the SEM in hardship cases (Art. 30 para. 1 let. b FNIA) and to the cantonal appeal authorities.

This federal structure means that the same legal norm is applied across the 26 cantons with practice that in part differs. This variation in practice is documented from a legal-sociology perspective (for example in publications of the Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies SFM at the University of Neuchâtel). SIP, however, gives no assessment of which cantonal practice is "more favourable" or "stricter", and gives no strategic advice on the choice of a canton. Such assessments would constitute a form of legal advice within the meaning of the Federal Act on the Freedom of Movement of Lawyers (LLCA, SR 935.61) and rest exclusively with lawyers entered in a cantonal bar register.

1.1 The cantonal implementing act for the FNIA — the typical structure

Most cantons have their own cantonal implementing act for the FNIA (in French-speaking cantons often designated as Loi cantonale d'application de la loi fédérale sur les étrangers et l'intégration, LaLEtrI, or similarly). These acts typically contain:

  • the designation of the competent cantonal authority (as a rule the migration office) and the delimitation of competences vis-à-vis municipal residents' registration offices, the cantonal employment office, the cantonal social welfare office and the cantonal tax office;
  • the setting of fees for permit acts and certificates (within the limits of federal law);
  • the regulation of the appeal procedure in connection with cantonal administrative procedural law (subsidiarily the Federal Act on Administrative Procedure, APA, SR 172.021, for procedural steps determined by federal law);
  • the designation of the cantonal hardship-case commission or a comparable advisory body (Art. 30 FNIA);
  • where applicable, provisions on cantonal integration promotion in implementation of Art. 53 FNIA and the following provisions as well as Art. 57 OASA.

In addition, in each canton there are implementing ordinances and departmental directives that govern practice in detail.

1.2 Anti-scope of this file

This file gives no individual cantonal interpretation, no comparative assessment of cantonal practice and no strategic recommendation on the choice of a canton. It records exclusively the formal competences, the authority designations and keyword-level particular points of practice that are documented in the relevant secondary literature and in the authorities' own statements of the respective cantons. For individual questions of cantonal practice, a lawyer entered in the cantonal bar register in the canton concerned should be consulted.

2. Per canton — reference entries (alphabetical)

For each canton the designation of the implementing act and the competent authority are given; the exact cantonal enactment number is to be confirmed via the relevant cantonal collection of legislation (the cantonal collections are accessible via fedlex.admin.ch or the official cantonal portals). Binding contact details: official authority page and ch.ch/migrationsamt.

2.1 AG — Aargau

  • Cantonal implementing act: Introductory Act to the Law on Foreign Nationals and Asylum of the Canton of Aargau (Systematic Collection of Aargau Law, SAR — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Amt für Migration und Integration Kanton Aargau (MIKA), Aarau.
  • Particular practice: the secondary literature 2023–2024 deals with the cantonal interpretation of social-welfare dependency as a ground for revocation under Art. 62 para. 1 let. e FNIA and Art. 63 para. 1 let. c FNIA. SIP gives no comparative assessment against other cantons. Cross-reference: Debt enforcement and the right of residence.

2.2 AI — Appenzell Innerrhoden

  • Cantonal implementing act: cantonal implementing enactments for the FNIA (exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation of Appenzell Innerrhoden).
  • Authority: Amt für Migration Appenzell Innerrhoden (at the same time residents' registration), Appenzell.
  • Particular practice: Appenzell Innerrhoden is the smallest canton of Switzerland by population; the processing of migration-law files is typically handled by a very small team with correspondingly personal knowledge of the files. The secondary literature documents no systemic particularities of practice.

2.3 AR — Appenzell Ausserrhoden

  • Cantonal implementing act: Introductory Enactment to the Federal Act on Foreign Nationals and Integration (exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation of Appenzell Ausserrhoden).
  • Authority: Migrationsamt Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Departement Inneres und Sicherheit, Herisau.
  • Particular practice: no systemically documented particularities in the relevant secondary literature.

2.4 BE — Bern

  • Cantonal implementing act: Introductory Act to the Law on Foreign Nationals and Asylum of the Canton of Bern (Bernese Systematic Collection of Legislation, BSG — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Migration Service of the Canton of Bern (MIDI), Security Directorate, Bern.
  • Particular practice: Bern is bilingual (German / French — the latter in particular in the Bernese Jura, Jura bernois); the cantonal procedure may be conducted in either language. Migration-law applications are as a rule submitted to MIDI, municipal registrations of arrival to the respective residents' registration office (in the city of Bern to the Einwohnerdienste, Migration und Fremdenpolizei, EMF).

2.5 BL — Basel-Landschaft

  • Cantonal implementing act: Introductory Act to the Law on Foreign Nationals of the Canton of Basel-Landschaft (Systematic Collection of Legislation Basel-Landschaft, SGS — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Amt für Migration Basel-Landschaft.
  • Particular practice: Basel-Landschaft, together with Basel-Stadt, forms the trinational Basel economic area and is in practical coordination with the authorities in Basel-Stadt as well as with the German and French border authorities in the Lörrach and Saint-Louis area (cross-border procedures, G cross-border permits).

2.6 BS — Basel-Stadt

  • Cantonal implementing act: Introductory Act to the Law on Foreign Nationals of the Canton of Basel-Stadt (Systematic Collection of Legislation Basel-Stadt — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Migrationsamt Basel-Stadt.
  • Particular practice: Basel-Stadt has a cantonal return counselling service (counselling on voluntary return to the country of origin). The responsible body and the exact scope (cantonal social welfare office or mandated organisation) are to be confirmed via the official cantonal page.

2.7 FR — Fribourg / Freiburg

  • Cantonal implementing act: Loi d'application de la loi fédérale sur les étrangers et l'intégration / Einführungsgesetz zum Bundesgesetz über die Ausländerinnen und Ausländer und über die Integration (Systematic Collection of Fribourg Legislation, RSF — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Service de la population et des migrants (SPoMi) / Amt für Bevölkerung und Migranten, Granges-Paccot.
  • Particular practice: the Canton of Fribourg is officially bilingual (French and German). Migration-law applications may be submitted in either language; the authorities' correspondence is typically conducted in the language of the submitting party.

2.8 GE — Genève / Genf

  • Cantonal implementing act: Loi d'application de la loi fédérale sur les étrangers et l'intégration (LaLEtrI; Geneva Systematic Collection, RS-GE F 2 10).
  • Authority: Office cantonal de la population et des migrations (OCPM), Geneva.
  • Particular practice: Geneva is the principal location of the international organisations (UN Office, WTO, ICRC among others), with a very high concentration, by global comparison, of holders of an FDFA legitimation card and accompanying persons holding a Ci permit. The Section Organisations internationales of the OCPM does not exist in this form in other cantons. For the cantonal deep-dive, see the Canton of Geneva — migration practice.

2.9 GL — Glarus

  • Cantonal implementing act: Introductory Act to the Law on Foreign Nationals and Integration of Glarus (Collection of Legislation of the Canton of Glarus, GS — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Hauptabteilung Migration Glarus, Departement Sicherheit und Justiz.
  • Particular practice: Glarus is one of the least populous cantons; the processing of migration-law files is handled by a correspondingly small team. No systemically documented particularities of practice in the relevant secondary literature.

2.10 GR — Graubünden / Grigioni / Grischun

  • Cantonal implementing act: Introductory Act to the Law on Foreign Nationals and Integration of Graubünden (Graubünden Statute Book, BR — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Amt für Migration und Zivilrecht Graubünden, Departement für Justiz, Sicherheit und Gesundheit, Chur.
  • Particular practice: Graubünden is the only officially trilingual canton of Switzerland, with German, Italian and Romansh as cantonal official languages (under the Constitution of the Canton of Graubünden, KV-GR). Migration-law procedures may in principle be conducted in all three languages; in practical file processing, German predominates. For Italian-speaking applicants in the Misox/Calanca/Bregaglia and for Romansh-speaking applicants in the Surselva, a canton-specific clarification of the language of procedure at the outset is advisable (lawyer entered in the bar register).

2.11 JU — Jura

  • Cantonal implementing act: Loi d'application de la loi fédérale sur les étrangers et l'intégration (Jura Systematic Collection, RSJU — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Service de la population du Canton du Jura, Delémont.
  • Particular practice: the Canton of Jura is French-speaking; migration-law procedures are conducted in French. No systemically documented particularities of practice in the relevant secondary literature.

2.12 LU — Luzern

  • Cantonal implementing act: Act on the Application of Federal Law in the Field of Foreign Nationals and Integration of the Canton of Luzern (Systematic Collection of Legislation of the Canton of Luzern, SRL — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Amt für Migration Kanton Luzern.
  • Particular practice: Luzern is the most populous canton of Central Switzerland; the office coordinates within regional Central-Switzerland practice circles with the migration offices of the neighbouring cantons OW, NW, SZ, UR and ZG. The exact coordination structure is to be confirmed via the official cantonal page.

2.13 NE — Neuchâtel

  • Cantonal implementing act: Neuchâtel cantonal Loi cantonale neuchâteloise d'application de la loi fédérale sur les étrangers et l'intégration (Systematic Collection of Neuchâtel Legislation, RSN — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Service des migrations du Canton de Neuchâtel.
  • Particular practice: the Canton of Neuchâtel is the seat of the Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies (SFM) at the University of Neuchâtel. SIP gives no comparative assessment of the conduct of cantonal procedures against other cantons.

2.14 NW — Nidwalden

  • Cantonal implementing act: Introductory Enactment to the Law on Foreign Nationals and Integration of Nidwalden (Collection of Legislation of the Canton of Nidwalden — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Amt für Justiz Nidwalden, Abteilung Migration, Stans.
  • Particular practice: Nidwalden is a canton with a small population; the processing of migration-law files is integrated into the justice office and handled by a correspondingly small team. No systemically documented particularities of practice in the secondary literature.

2.15 OW — Obwalden

  • Cantonal implementing act: Introductory Enactment to the Law on Foreign Nationals and Integration of Obwalden (Collection of Legislation of the Canton of Obwalden, GDB — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Sicherheitsdepartement Obwalden, Amt für Migration, Sarnen.
  • Particular practice: Obwalden is a canton with a small population and a correspondingly small migration-law processing team. No systemically documented particularities of practice in the relevant secondary literature.

2.16 SG — St. Gallen

  • Cantonal implementing act: Introductory Act to the Law on Foreign Nationals of the Canton of St. Gallen (Systematic Collection of Legislation St. Gallen, sGS — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Migrationsamt Kanton St. Gallen.
  • Particular practice: St. Gallen is the most populous canton of Eastern Switzerland and coordinates its practice with the surrounding Eastern-Switzerland cantons (AR, AI, TG, SH) as well as with neighbouring Vorarlberg (Austria). The exact coordination structure is to be confirmed via the official cantonal page.

2.17 SH — Schaffhausen

  • Cantonal implementing act: Introductory Act to the Law on Foreign Nationals and Integration of Schaffhausen (Schaffhausen Statute Book, SHR — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Migrationsamt Kanton Schaffhausen, Departement des Innern.
  • Particular practice: Schaffhausen lies geographically for the most part north of the Rhine and is predominantly surrounded by German territory; the migration office coordinates closely with the German border authorities (Singen, Constance area) for cross-border procedures (G cross-border permits).

2.18 SO — Solothurn

  • Cantonal implementing act: Introductory Act to the Law on Foreign Nationals and Integration of Solothurn (Consolidated Collection of Legislation of the Canton of Solothurn, BGS — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Migrationsamt Kanton Solothurn, Departement des Innern.
  • Particular practice: no systemically documented particularities of practice in the relevant secondary literature.

2.19 SZ — Schwyz

  • Cantonal implementing act: Introductory Act to the Law on Foreign Nationals and Integration of Schwyz (Systematic Collection of Legislation of the Canton of Schwyz, SRSZ — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Amt für Migration Kanton Schwyz, Sicherheitsdepartement.
  • Particular practice: decisive for the early granting of the C settlement permit is Art. 34 para. 4 FNIA in conjunction with Art. 62 OASA (language and integration requirements). SIP gives no comparative assessment of cantonal practice against other cantons.

2.20 TG — Thurgau

  • Cantonal implementing act: Introductory Act to the Law on Foreign Nationals and Integration of Thurgau (Statute Book of the Canton of Thurgau, RB — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Migrationsamt Kanton Thurgau, Departement für Justiz und Sicherheit, Frauenfeld.
  • Particular practice: no systemically documented particularities of practice in the relevant secondary literature.

2.21 TI — Ticino

  • Cantonal implementing act: Legge cantonale di applicazione della legge federale sugli stranieri e la loro integrazione (Collection of the Laws of the Canton of Ticino, RL — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Sezione della popolazione del Cantone Ticino, Dipartimento delle istituzioni, Bellinzona.
  • Particular practice: the Canton of Ticino is the only exclusively Italian-speaking canton of Switzerland; all migration-law procedures are conducted in Italian. Applications, annexes and correspondence are to be submitted in the Italian language; for non-Italian original documents, translations are as a rule to be enclosed. Ticino moreover has a significant cross-border-worker population from northern Italy (G cross-border permits).

2.22 UR — Uri

  • Cantonal implementing act: Introductory Enactment to the Law on Foreign Nationals and Integration of Uri (Statute Book of the Canton of Uri, RB — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Amt für Migration Uri, Sicherheitsdirektion, Altdorf.
  • Particular practice: Uri is a canton with a small population and a correspondingly small migration-law processing team. No systemically documented particularities of practice in the secondary literature.

2.23 VD — Vaud / Waadt

  • Cantonal implementing act: Vaud Loi vaudoise d'application de la loi fédérale sur les étrangers et l'intégration (Systematic Collection of Vaud Legislation, RSV — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Service de la population (SPoP), Lausanne.
  • Particular practice: the relevant secondary literature deals with the cantonal application of the integration criteria under Art. 58a FNIA (convention d'intégration, i.e. integration agreement) in renewals with integration deficits — in particular in the areas of French language competency, gainful employment, and respect for public security and order. SIP gives no comparative assessment against other cantons.

2.24 VS — Valais / Wallis

  • Cantonal implementing act: Valais cantonal Loi cantonale valaisanne d'application de la loi fédérale sur les étrangers et l'intégration / Einführungsgesetz Wallis (Systematic Collection of Legislation of the Canton of Valais, SGS — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Service de la population et des migrations (SPM) / Dienststelle für Bevölkerung und Migration, Sion.
  • Particular practice: the Canton of Valais is officially bilingual (French in Lower Valais, German in Upper Valais). Migration-law procedures may be conducted in either language; the authorities' correspondence is typically conducted in the regionally predominant official language.

2.25 ZG — Zug

  • Cantonal implementing act: Introductory Act to the Law on Foreign Nationals and Integration of Zug (Consolidated Collection of Legislation of the Canton of Zug, BGS — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Amt für Migration Kanton Zug, Sicherheitsdirektion.
  • Particular practice: Zug has a high concentration of international corporate headquarters. In practice this results in a proportionally elevated volume of gainful-employment permits for qualified third-country nationals (B gainful employment under Art. 23 FNIA); an international-organisations practice in the sense of Geneva does not exist to a comparable extent. SIP gives no location or tax assessment.

2.26 ZH — Zürich

  • Cantonal implementing act: Introductory Act to the Law on Foreign Nationals and Integration of Zürich (Loose-leaf Collection / Zürich Collection of Legislation, LS — exact enactment number to be confirmed via the cantonal collection of legislation).
  • Authority: Migrationsamt Kanton Zürich, Sicherheitsdirektion.
  • Particular practice: Zürich is the most populous canton of Switzerland and, in inter-cantonal comparison, conducts a strongly standardised practice with extensively published guidelines, online forms and electronic procedural portals. The migration office works together with the municipal city administration of Zürich and other municipalities in the canton. The respectively current online platform is to be confirmed via the official cantonal page.

3. Language of procedure per canton — quick overview index

The language of procedure of the cantonal migration procedure is governed by the cantonal regulation of official languages (the languages article of the Federal Constitution, Art. 70 (SR 101), and cantonal procedural law). Application forms, annexes and correspondence are to be submitted in the relevant official language; deviations may lead to the setting of a deadline for rectification or to delay of the procedure. The exact translation requirements for original documents in a non-official language are to be confirmed per canton via the official cantonal page.

3.1 Exclusively German (17 cantons)

ZH, BS, BL, LU, ZG, AG, SH, SG, AR, AI, GL, NW, OW, UR, SZ, SO, TG. Migration-law procedures are conducted in the German language; application forms and correspondence in German. (Bern and Valais are multilingual — see no. 3.4; in Graubünden German predominates — see no. 3.5.)

3.2 Exclusively French (4 cantons)

GE, VD, NE, JU. All migration-law procedures are conducted in French; applications and correspondence in French. Non-French original documents are as a rule to be enclosed in a certified translation; the exact requirements are to be confirmed per canton via the official cantonal page.

3.3 Exclusively Italian (1 canton)

TI. All migration-law procedures are conducted in Italian; applications and correspondence in Italian. Non-Italian original documents are as a rule to be enclosed in a certified translation; the exact requirements are to be confirmed via the official cantonal page.

3.4 Bilingual German / French (3 cantons)

  • BE — Bern: German (majority of the canton) and French (Bernese Jura, Jura bernois). The language of procedure is governed by the place of residence or the language of the submitting person.
  • FR — Fribourg: French (majority) and German (Lake District, Sense). Both languages are official languages; the language of procedure is as a rule chosen by the applying person.
  • VS — Valais / Wallis: French (Lower Valais) and German (Upper Valais). The language of procedure is governed by the regionally predominant official language.

3.5 Trilingual German / Italian / Romansh (1 canton)

  • GR — Graubünden / Grigioni / Grischun: German (majority), Italian (Misox, Calanca, Bregaglia, Poschiavo) and Romansh (Surselva, Engadine, Sutselva, Surmeir among others). In practical file processing, German predominates; Italian- and Romansh-language procedures are in principle possible, but rarer in practice.

3.6 Important regarding the language of forms

Submission in the wrong language may lead to the setting of a deadline for rectification or at least to considerable delay of the procedure. This formal requirement is not to be underestimated: application forms of the ZH migration office cannot be submitted without further ado to the OCPM Geneva — even if the substantive content were identical. Cantonal form standardisation is a central aspect of federal practice.

4. Methodology of this index

This index draws on:

  • the cantonal migration offices' own statements (official websites, online guidelines). The binding contact details are to be obtained exclusively via the official cantonal page and the authority directory at ch.ch/migrationsamt.
  • secondary literature (in particular Spescha/Zünd/Bolzli/Hruschka et al., Migrationsrecht — Kommentar, respective latest edition; Caroni/Grasdorf-Meyer/Ott/Scheiber, Migrationsrecht, respective latest edition; publications of the Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies SFM, University of Neuchâtel). The respective current edition is to be checked before relying on a commentary passage.
  • official statistics of the SEM (foreign-nationals and asylum statistics) and of the Federal Statistical Office FSO (population statistics). Specific figures are to be checked against the respective current official statistics before any publication.
  • published cantonal administrative-court decisions on migration-law questions (respective administrative-court databases).

The practice remarks per canton are to be read as keywords from the secondary literature, not as assessments on the part of SIP. SIP gives no comparative assessment of which practice is "more favourable" or "stricter", because such an assessment (i) would constitute a form of legal advice within the meaning of the LLCA (SR 935.61) and (ii) in the individual case depends heavily on the concrete facts.

5. Cross-References

This file is referenced and in turn references:

6. Anti-Scope and Reservations

This index gives:

  • no strategic advice on the choice of a canton. The choice of the canton of residence depends on professional, family, social and tax factors; an assessment of migration-law practice as a steering of the choice of canton would be an inadmissible form of legal advice within the meaning of the LLCA (SR 935.61).
  • no assessment of a "more favourable" or "stricter" cantonal practice. Comparative assessments would be (i) heavily fact-dependent in the individual case and (ii) a form of legal advice reserved exclusively to lawyers entered in the cantonal bar register.
  • no individual interpretation of cantonal procedural provisions. For the interpretation of specific cantonal provisions in the individual case, a lawyer entered in the bar register in the canton concerned should be consulted.

A note on debt enforcement and the debt situation: open debt-enforcement proceedings or debts (cf. the Federal Act on Debt Enforcement and Bankruptcy, DEBA, SR 281.1) do not lead directly and on their own to a revocation of the permit under Art. 62 FNIA or Art. 63 FNIA; the grounds for revocation of these provisions attach to security and order considerations as well as to the statutorily described elements. The debt situation may, however, affect the foreign-nationals-law status indirectly via the integration assessment under Art. 58a FNIA. The details are set out in Debt enforcement and the right of residence; for the concrete individual case, legal advice is to be obtained.

These anti-scope clauses follow a purely fact-based approach without case-specific legal advice.

7. Update Discipline

Planned extensions of this file in later iterations:

  • full citation of the respective cantonal implementing acts with enactment number and link to the cantonal collection of legislation, as soon as each enactment number has been confirmed individually.
  • linking of the published cantonal administrative-court decisions per canton in a dedicated overview.
  • linking of the cantonal hardship-case commissions with information on the conduct of the procedure and the advisory structure (respectively in the major-canton deep-dives).