Family reunification, requirements, cantonal practice according to art. 44 FNIA.
Last reviewed
03.06.2026
Statute as of
01.01.2024
Statute citations
4 linked
Reading time
25 min read
As of: 01.06.2026 · Snapshot
Marriage between two foreign nationals residing in Switzerland — Permit synchronisation
Effective date
Frequently asked
3 answers on this topic.
Concrete questions people ask about Marriage to nationals of third countries..
Third-country national spouses have a weaker legal claim (art. 44 FNIA) than EU/EFTA spouses (art. 42–43 FNIA). Requirements: adequate accommodation, financial independence (no receipt of social welfare), intention to live together, and proof of language skills (A1 level, oral). The cantonal migration office assesses the application at its discretion.
Statute citations
4 statute citations, each linked directly.
01Reviewed: Tier A · Info
AIG SR 142.20 (Art. 43-44 family reunification for B/C holders)
: AI draft, pending review by CLR (Lawyer-of-Record) in accordance with ADR-016 and ADR-018.
Overview — what happens when two foreign nationals residing in Switzerland get married?
If two people, neither of whom holds Swiss citizenship, live in Switzerland and marry, the primary question is not one of naturalisation, but of permit synchronisation: which residence permit will the spouse who joins or is already present receive after the marriage? What conditions apply? What deadlines must be observed?
The answer depends on the type of permit held by the ‘anchor’ spouse – that is, the person whose immigration status determines the scope for family reunification or permit adjustment. There are three main scenarios:
Both spouses have an EU/EFTA passport → Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons, Annex I, Art. 3 AFMP.
At least one spouse holds a passport from a third country → Federal Act on Foreign Nationals and Integration (AIG), Art. 43 or 44 AIG, depending on the type of permit held by the anchor spouse.
Mixed EU/EFTA + third-country national situation → Combination: as a rule, the third-country national benefits from the more favourable AFMP family regime, provided that the EU/EFTA national is the main applicant.
Spouse of an anchor person with a C permit (third-country national) — Art. 43 FNIA
If the anchor spouse is a third-country national with a C settlement permit, Article 43 of the Federal Act on Foreign Nationals and Integration applies. The key point is that Article 43 of the Federal Act on Foreign Nationals and Integration establishes a right to family reunification – the authorities have no discretion in this matter, provided that the requirements are met.
Art. 43 LEI/LStrI/FNIA (in substance, as amended on 01.01.2024) stipulates:
Cohabitation of spouses at the same place of residence in Switzerland.
A home that meets their needs.
Financial independence: the family must not be dependent on social welfare.
Language certificate A1 – oral examination in a national language (Art. 43 para. 1 lit. d FNIA; inserted by the Integration Revision of 01.01.2019).
No grounds for revocation under Art. 62 or 63 AIG.
The resulting permit for the family member joining the family is a B residence permit for family reunification. This can be converted into a C settlement permit after 5 years of uninterrupted residence, provided that the integration requirements of Fedlex·Art. 60 AIG are met (early granting is possible in the case of particularly successful integration according to Fedlex·Art. 34 AIG).
Important notes on Art. 43 AIG:
Proof of language skills (A1 level) can be provided before entry (language certificate, recognised according to the SEM list). VERIFY: current list of A1 certificates recognised by the SEM.
The deadline of Fedlex·Art. 47 AIG (5 years) for submitting the application applies (see section below).
In cases of later family reunification (after the 5-year period under Art. 47), “important personal reasons” are required.
In family reunification proceedings, the main applicant with a C permit typically submits the following documents: current permit, rental agreement indicating the size of the accommodation (cantonal practice varies; as a general rule: one room more than the number of people), pay slips for the last three to six months, and, if applicable, tax assessment. In the case of self-employment: balance sheet, income statement, and confirmation of AHV contributions.
Receiving social welfare benefits at the time of application generally leads to refusal; even benefits received some time ago may be taken into account, depending on the amount and the circumstances.
The cantonal variations in practice regarding the strictness of the financial assessment are considerable: the cantons of French-speaking Switzerland tend to be more nuanced when dealing with short-term fluctuations, while some of the cantons of German-speaking Switzerland are stricter when dealing with working poor situations.
Anchored spouse with a B residence permit (third-country national) — Art. 44 FNIA
If the anchor spouse holds a B residence permit as a national of a third country, Article 44 of the Federal Act on Foreign Nationals and Integration applies. In contrast to Article 43 of the Federal Act on Foreign Nationals and Integration, this is a matter of the cantonal migration office’s discretion – there is no legal entitlement.
Art. 44 FNIA (in substance) requires:
Cohabitation of spouses.
Accommodation appropriate to needs.
Sufficient financial resources: the family must not be dependent on social assistance.
Language certificate A1 – oral examination in a national language (Art. 44 para. 1 lit. d LEI/LStrI/FNIA).
The resulting permit for the family member joining the marriage is a B permit, derived from the status of the main applicant. It is usually issued for the same duration and extended together with the main applicant.
Important notes on Art. 44 AIG:
As this involves discretionary powers, the authority will carefully examine the financial situation. If income is low or subject to fluctuations, the authority may refuse the permit.
If the requirements are not met, Article 30 FNIA may be applicable in hardship cases – in practice, this is rarely successful without legal assistance. See .
The permit of the family member joining the main applicant is linked to the validity of the main applicant’s permit: if the main applicant loses their right of residence, the family member also faces the risk of losing their permit (subject to Art. 50 LEI/LStrI/FNIA in the event of a later dissolution of the marriage).
When the B permit of the main applicant is extended, the permit of the family member who has joined them is usually also extended; a separate application is not required, but it is common practice for both to appear at the cantonal authority with their passport and permit.
If the main person loses their job and starts receiving social assistance, the authorities may refuse to extend or may revoke the spouse’s permit. In this case, it should be assessed whether the spouse can transition to an independent B residence permit, provided that they are employed – this is handled differently in each canton.
Difference between Art. 43 and 44 AIG: The practical difference between the two provisions is substantial. A provision establishing a right (Art. 43) means that a refusal can be challenged in court with a higher chance of success. A provision granting discretionary powers (Art. 44) means that the Federal Supreme Court only reviews the refusal in a limited manner – the cantonal authority has discretion, which is only corrected in the event of arbitrariness or a violation of the law (BGE 137 I 247).
Anchored spouse with an L permit (short-term stay) — Art. 32 FNIA
If the primary applicant in a marriage has an L short-term permit, family reunification is generally not provided for. Article 32 of the Federal Act on Foreign Nationals and Integration (AIG) governs the L permit; family reunification is not systematically enshrined in the law.
In practice, this means:
The absent spouse must generally wait until the end of the L phase and the issue of a B residence permit to the anchor person.
In exceptional cases, family reunification may be granted in specific circumstances (e.g. scientific activity with a guaranteed duration of at least one year, clear prospect of a B permit) – this is a discretionary decision by the authorities, and may vary between cantons.
If the L permit is for a short duration, marriage in Switzerland is possible, but the permit’s effects for the spouse typically only take effect once the main applicant’s status changes.
VERIFY: Current practice of the SEM/migration authorities regarding family reunification in the case of an L permit; cantonal variations, in particular Zurich vs. Geneva vs. Vaud.
Spouse of an anchor person with Swiss citizenship — Art. 42 FNIA
This scenario is dealt with in a separate article: life-events/le_marriage_to_swiss.md. Brief note: entitlement to family reunification under Fedlex·Art. 42 AIG; the spouse who joins the family receives a C permit (residence permit with the right to work for the purpose of family reunification with a Swiss national); facilitated naturalisation is possible after 3 years of marriage and 5 years of residence (SCA Art. 21).
Anchored spouse with AFMP status (EU/EFTA citizen) — AFMP Annex I Art. 3
If the anchor spouse is an EU/EFTA national with an AFMP residence permit (B-EU/EFTA or C-EU/EFTA), the Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons, Annex I, Article 3 AFMP applies. This regime is considerably broader and less restrictive than the LEI/LStrI/FNIA provisions:
Category of family members eligible for family reunification: spouse, children up to the age of 21 (without any restrictions regarding education – unlike in the case of the LEI/LStrI/FNIA), relatives in the ascending line (parents, grandparents), provided that they are receiving financial support.
No proof of language proficiency is required (the AFMP does not recognise this requirement – it is specific to the LEI/LStrI/FNIA).
No explicit proof of income is required for the AFMP family, provided that the main applicant themselves meets the AFMP residence requirements (gainful employment, provision of services, sufficient means as a non-working person).
Accommodation appropriate to needs: required in practice, but handled less strictly than in the case of LEI/LStrI/FNIA.
Important: A third-country national spouse of an EU/EFTA citizen benefits from the AFMP regime. He/She receives a B permit with the endorsement "Family member of an EU/EFTA citizen" (in practice often "B-EU/EFTA-Family") and thus generally has the same rights as the main applicant, in particular the right to work throughout Switzerland without any restrictions.
Practical example: A Portuguese national with a B EU/EFTA permit in Geneva marries a Brazilian national who lives in Bern. The Brazilian spouse, in a family reunification case, receives a B permit as a "family member of an EU/EFTA national" – without proof of language skills (A1 certificate), without explicit proof of income beyond the AFMP funds of the main applicant.
Previous stay in an EU/EFTA state — “Metock” scenarios: The case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union in Metock (C-127/08) has clarified in EU law that the third-country spouse of a Union citizen who benefits from the right of free movement must not be required to have a previous legal stay in an EU state. Swiss practice in the context of the FZA largely follows this principle; the Federal Supreme Court has adopted the Metock line for the FZA in several decisions (including BGE 136 II 5, BGE 136 II 65). Consequence: the third-country spouse of an EU/EFTA citizen residing in Switzerland can also be brought to join them, even if he/she has never resided in an EU/EFTA state before the marriage. VERIFY: current state of the Federal Supreme Court’s case law on FZA family reunification for third-country spouses.
Separation without divorce — AFMP family members: Unlike AIG family members (Fedlex·Art. 50 AIG), the AFMP residence permit of the third-country national spouse is linked to the continued legal existence of the marriage. In the event of a permanent separation without divorce, the right of residence formally remains in place, but the migration authorities will examine whether the AFMP family law is being invoked abusively (in particular if the anchor person has left Switzerland or the marital relationship clearly no longer exists) (FAC 2C_241/2010 and subsequent case law).
VERIFY: BGE 144 II 113 and FAC case law concerning the scope of the AFMP family reunification for spouses who are third-country nationals.
Three-Year Deadline Art. 47 AIG — Deadline for Family Reunification
Art. 47 LEI/LStrI/FNIA (in substance, as amended on 01.01.2024) governs the deadline:
For older marriages (the spouses were already married at the time the permit was granted to the anchor person): the application for family reunification must be submitted within 5 years from the date the permit was granted to the anchor person.
For children over 12 years of age: reduced period of 12 months from the date of issue of the permit for the anchor person or from the date of marriage.
For subsequent marriage (while the anchor person is in Switzerland): the 5-year period begins from the date of the marriage.
Delay: Anyone who misses the deadline can only apply for family reunification on the grounds of “important personal reasons” (comparable with Art. 50 para. 2 AIG in the case of later separation). In practice, this is only successful in narrowly defined situations – typically documented reasons such as unforeseen events in the country of origin, long-term care needs, or school-age children at a critical stage of their lives.
Anti-scope: SIP does not provide an assessment as to whether a specific applicant can still meet the deadline or whether “important personal reasons” exist in the individual case.
Calculating the deadline in practice: The 5-year deadline runs from the date of formal permit issuance or marriage, not from the date of entry or registration. For permits issued with a delay (the main applicant has an L permit before receiving a B permit), the deadline usually starts with the B permit – cantonal practice varies. The date of submission of the family reunification application to the cantonal migration office is decisive for meeting the deadline, not the later date of permit issuance or the date of entry of the spouse.
Shorter deadline for children over 12 years of age: This 12-month deadline (Art. 47 para. 1 AIG) is strictly applied in practice. It refers to the family reunification of children, not directly to the spouse, but it is crucial for joint or brought-along children from previous relationships and must often be taken into account in connection with the marital situation.
Marriage in Switzerland — Procedure at the Civil Registry Office
The civil marriage ceremony takes place at the civil registry office of the place of residence. The procedure includes:
Registration («preparatory procedure») by both spouses in person at the civil registry office. Required:
Valid identification documents (passport).
Certificate of residence (permit B/C/L/Ci or registration certificate).
Certificate of no impediment to marriage from the country of origin (for nationals of third countries), if necessary with an apostille or consular legalisation. Translation into a Swiss official language.
Birth certificate, and family register if applicable.
Examination by the civil registry office (Art. 97a of the Swiss Civil Code — sham marriage provision, see section below).
Waiting period after completion of the preparatory procedure: according to Art. 100 of the Swiss Civil Code (ZGB), the marriage must take place within three months, otherwise the procedure must be repeated. The duration of the preparatory procedure itself varies from canton to canton (typically a few weeks to a few months, depending on the completeness of the documents). VERIFY: cantonal processing times for Zurich, Bern, Vaud, and Geneva.
Civil marriage ceremony performed by the civil registrar on the agreed date, at the civil registry office or at a location approved by the authorities.
Registration in the civil register.
The religious or other religious marriage ceremony can take place after the civil marriage has been concluded (Art. 97 para. 3 ZGB) – it is at the discretion of the spouses and has no effect on immigration law.
Special case: marriage shortly before the expiry of a permit
If a spouse with an expiring L or B permit wishes to marry in Switzerland, the civil registry office examines the lawful residence of both spouses in the preparatory proceedings (Art. 98 para. 4 of the Swiss Civil Code (ZGB) in conjunction with Fedlex·Art. 99 ZGB). In general, persons without lawful residence cannot marry in Switzerland – a situation that has been legally established since the adoption of the popular initiative "Stop Mass Immigration" and the subsequent amendments.
Entering into a marriage as a means of avoiding imminent removal is often regarded as an indication of a sham marriage (see section below). Anyone who wishes to enter into a genuine marriage despite an expiring permit should seek legal advice in advance regarding the situation.
Special case: Marriage in Switzerland, followed by relocation of residence abroad and return
Anyone who marries in Switzerland, then moves abroad together and later returns, does not automatically fall under the family reunification provisions of Art. 43/44 LEI/LStrI/FNIA. The return must be justified independently (job offer, studies, family reunification), and the permit requirements must be met again. The previous marriage in Switzerland does not create an entitlement to a permit.
Marriage abroad — recognition in Switzerland
A marriage validly concluded abroad is recognised in Switzerland, provided that it does not violate Swiss public policy (Art. 45 IPRG, Art. 45 ff. ZGB). Recognition is carried out by the civil registry office at the place of residence or by the cantonal supervisory authority for civil status matters.
The following are not recognised or are only recognised with limitations:
Polygamous marriages (Fedlex·Art. 9 ZGB in conjunction with Art. 45 IPRG): only the first marriage is recognised.
Religious marriages without state registration in countries that also have a parallel civil registration system: not recognised.
Child marriage (marriage of a person under the age of 18): not recognised if this is contrary to public policy — Art. 105 para. 6 of the Swiss Civil Code provides for its invalidity.
Marriage by proxy: cantonal practice varies; often recognised if both spouses are present in the recognising state, otherwise viewed critically.
For the recognition to be granted, the submission of the legalised or apostilled marriage certificate from the country where the marriage took place is required, together with a translation. Recognition is a prerequisite for registration in the Swiss civil registry and for any permit-related consequences.
Sham marriage clause — Art. 51 LEI/LStrI/FNIA, Art. 97a ZGB
Both the Swiss Civil Code (ZGB) and the Federal Act on Foreign Nationals and Integration (FNIA) contain provisions against sham marriage (also known as “marriage for the purpose of obtaining residence rights”):
Art. 97a ZGB: the civil registry office refuses to assist in the preparation of the marriage if there are indications of a sham marriage.
Art. 51 FNIA: claims for family reunification (Art. 42 ff. FNIA) shall lapse if the marriage was concluded solely to circumvent immigration regulations.
The case law (in particular, BGE 137 II 281, BGE 128 II 145) has developed lists of indicators:
significant age difference,
lack of a common language between the spouses,
very short period of acquaintance before the marriage,
financial transfers between spouses without a plausible family explanation,
Marriage shortly before an impending removal order,
Lack of knowledge about the other spouse’s basic living conditions during an official interview.
living separately shortly after the marriage.
No single piece of evidence is conclusive in itself; the overall assessment is decisive. The burden of proof lies with the authority, but the duty of cooperation of the spouses is high (Fedlex·Art. 90 AIG).
Consequences: Refusal of the marriage by the civil registry office, refusal or revocation of the residence permit, and, in some cases, criminal prosecution for fraudulently obtaining a permit (Fedlex·Art. 118 AIG).
Procedure: The migration authorities may question the spouses separately and inquire about their joint living arrangements (e.g. spouse's date of birth, common circle of acquaintances, lifestyle). If there are grounds for suspicion, a more detailed investigation will be carried out – if necessary, this will involve a home visit to check whether the spouses live together. The spouses' duty to cooperate under Fedlex·Art. 90 AIG obliges them to provide truthful information; however, disproportionate or intrusive measures that could infringe on fundamental rights (e.g. inspection of the bedroom) are limited by case law and the rulings of the Federal Supreme Court.
Anti-scope (ADR-018): SIP does not provide strategic advice on how to avoid suspicion of a sham marriage or on how to manage evidence. Anyone who is involved in sham marriage proceedings and claims to be genuinely married needs legal representation – see references below.
Overview of Cantonal Practice
The application of federal laws (FNIA, AFMP, Swiss Civil Code) varies in detail from canton to canton. The following overview is not exhaustive and does not replace a cantonal assessment of individual cases:
Canton
Notes on practice regarding family reunification after marriage
Zurich
Strict financial review; proof of A1 certificate required before entry; processing time at the migration office: several months. Home visits in cases of suspected sham marriage are not uncommon.
Bern
Standard practice; West Swiss language certificates (French) recognised for migration into bilingual municipalities.
Vaud
Generally more nuanced in working-poor situations; Service de la population (SPOP) decides, federal office approval required in sensitive cases.
Geneva
OCPM (cantonal office for population and migration): experienced in complex family situations, in particular mixed FZA cases; French as the language of proceedings.
Basel-Stadt
Standard practice; good legal representation recommended due to short appeal deadlines.
Ticino
Independent practice in Italian language; proof of A1 Italian language required.
Valais
Bilingual (German/French depending on the district); language certificate in the district's main language.
Partnership Act (PartG, 18.06.2004, in force from 01.01.2007): established registered partnerships for same-sex couples, with largely analogous immigration consequences as marriage (Fedlex·Art. 52 AIG refers to the provisions on marital law).
Marriage for all: Referendum of 26.09.2021, effective from 01.07.2022. Since then, marriage has been open to same-sex couples; existing registered partnerships can be converted into marriage (declaration to the civil registry office).
Immigration consequences have been identical since 01.07.2022 to those of heterosexual marriage: Art. 42-44 LEI/LStrI/FNIA and FZA Annex I Art. 3 apply equally.
No new registered partnerships may be entered into from 1 July 2022; existing ones remain valid.
Conversion of an existing registered partnership into marriage: This is done by a joint declaration of both partners at the civil registry office. The immigration consequences do not change – the years of the registered partnership are credited towards the marriage (relevant for Art. 50 para. 1 lit. a AIG in the event of a later separation and for the waiting period for facilitated naturalisation when marrying a Swiss national).
What happens in the event of separation or divorce
In the event of the dissolution of the marital community, Art. 50 AIG applies to third-country nationals whose right of residence is derived from Art. 42, 43 or 44 AIG. The permit may be continued in the case of
three years of marriage + successful integration (Art. 50 para. 1 lit. a), or
important personal reasons (Art. 50 para. 1 lit. b and para. 2), in particular domestic violence.
For family members of the AFMP, separate rules apply regarding the maintenance of their right of residence after the dissolution of the marriage (case law relating to Art. 3 Annex I AFMP, in particular BGE 144 II 1 and subsequent decisions).
Language Proficiency Certificate A1 — FIDE certificate and equivalent evidence
For the AIG constellations (Art. 43 and 44 AIG), a language certificate A1 (oral) in a national language (German, French, Italian, and possibly Romansh depending on the canton of residence) is required.
In particular, the following are recognised:
fide language certificate (recognised by the Confederation; graded levels A1, A2, B1).
Language certificates in accordance with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), if recognised on the SEM list: telc, Goethe-Institut, ÖSD, DELF/DALF, CELI, etc.
Educational qualifications: Swiss school leaving certificate or degree in the relevant national language.
The language proficiency test can be taken either in the country of origin before entry (at fide-accredited centres worldwide) or in Switzerland after entry, within the visa validity period.
Exemption from language proficiency requirement: Persons whose native language is a national language, as well as persons with compulsory school education in a national language, are exempt from the requirement (Fedlex·Art. 77d VZAE in conjunction with Art. 43 ff. AIG). VERIFY: current detailed regulations of the VZAE revisions.
Costs: The fide test typically costs CHF 250-300 (oral A1 level). Other recognised certificates vary in their pricing structure. The canton only covers the costs in individual cases.
Waiting period for naturalisation after marriage
Third-country national spouses of third-country nationals do not benefit from the facilitated naturalisation (this only applies to spouses of Swiss citizens, Art. 21 SCA).
They are applying for ordinary naturalisation under Art. 9 ff. SCA:
A minimum of 10 years’ residence in Switzerland (with the years between the ages of 8 and 18 counted twice; Art. 9 para. 2 SCA).
Must have been continuously resident in Switzerland for at least three of the last five years prior to submitting the application.
C permit (settlement) as a requirement — Art. 9 para. 1 lit. a SCA. VERIFY: As of 2024.
Integration requirements according to Art. 12 SCA (oral language skills at level B1 / written language skills at level A2, familiarity with living conditions, respect for public safety and order, participation in economic life or education, promotion of family integration).
Cantonal and municipal requirements (length of residence in the canton and municipality – varies considerably from canton to canton, 2-5 years).
Anyone married to a Swiss national benefits from Art. 21 SCA (facilitated naturalisation): 5 years of residence in Switzerland + 3 years of marriage OR 6 years of marriage and 3 years of residence immediately before submitting the application. See framework/fw_bug_2018_glossary.md and permits/permit_naturalisation_paths.md.
What SIP does not provide (Anti-Scope according to ADR-018)
No assessment of suitability: SIP does not predict whether a specific family reunification application will be approved.
No advice on how to optimise the situation in relation to marriage: neither on how to avoid suspicion of a sham marriage, nor on choosing the date of the marriage with a view to the permit deadline, nor on choosing the country in which to marry.
No assessment of individual pieces of evidence in an ongoing sham marriage investigation.
No strategic advice should be given on the choice of place of residence, taking into account the different practices in each canton.
No representation before the migration authorities, civil registry office or court.
For individual queries, referral will be made to the lawyer of record. In cases of suspected sham marriage or ongoing proceedings, legal representation is essential – the consequences of providing false information to the authorities are serious (loss of permit, criminal consequences under Fedlex·Art. 118 AIG).
Removals
Legal representation: SIP lawyer referral service in the language of the canton of residence; cantonal bar associations (e.g. Ordre des Avocats de Genève, Anwaltsverband ZH).
Free initial consultation: cantonal legal advice centres, Caritas advisory service, HEKS migration advisory service, Centre social protestant (CSP) in French-speaking Switzerland.
Cantonal portal information: cantonal migration office for formal procedural questions, civil registry office for marriage and recognition of foreign marriages.
Cross-references:
— Marriage to a Swiss national (Art. 42 LEI/LStrI/FNIA, C settlement permit, facilitated naturalisation).
— Dissolution of the marriage and continuation of the permit.
— Hardship case where the requirements for family reunification are not met.
— B residence permit in general.
— AFMP regime.
— Table of deadlines, including Art. 47 LEI/LStrI/FNIA.
— AIG/VZAE glossary with Art. 43, 44, 47, 50.
— FZA glossary with Annex I, Art. 3.
HARD GLOSSARY — non-negotiable Swiss federal codes / agency names.
"AIG" → "FNIA"
"Ausländer- und Integrationsgesetz" → "Federal Act on Foreign Nationals and Integration"
"VZAE" → "OASA"
"BüG" → "SCA"
"Bürgerrechtsgesetz" → "Swiss Citizenship Act"
"FZA" → "AFMP"
"Freizügigkeitsabkommen" → "Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons"
"AsylG" → "AsylA"
"Asylgesetz" → "Asylum Act"
"nDSG" → "revFADP"
"DSG" → "FADP"
"SEM" → "SEM"
"Staatssekretariat für Migration" → "State Secretariat for Migration"
Last updated: 18.05.2026 — Initial AI draft according to ADR-014 (D2/D3 facts-only), ADR-015 (D1 Tier A), ADR-018 (D3 byline pending), ADR-020 (D5 FAMILY-EVENTS-SPECIALIST). Awaiting review and approval by CLR (Lawyer-of-Record) according to ADR-016. VERIFY markings indicate specific points that need to be confirmed by the lawyer of record before publication. Stale threshold: 90 days — in the event of statutory changes (in particular, AIG revision, FZA adjustments, BüG revisions), immediate re-examination.
As of: 01.06.2026 · Snapshot
Reflects the cited law as of the snapshot — not a check of current force.
